African lakes and fishes – Cichlid fishes-Tropiese visse

 

In 1890, at the height of the European scramble for colonies in Africa, Britain and Germany divided Lake Victoria at 1° south latitude, with the southern portion allotted to Germany, the northern portion to Britain.  Lake Victoria – Victoria Nyanza, is the largest lake in Africa and the second largest body of fresh water in the world, surpassed only by Lake Superior in North America. The lake is crossed by the equator, and is the chief source of the Nile River. The first European to reach the lake was the British explorer John Hanning Speke in 1858, who named it after Britain’s Queen Victoria.   

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The Germans conducted extensive scientific surveys of the southern shores of the lake, for both research and strategic purposes. This book, an English translation of a study by a former officer of the Imperial Troops for German East Africa, Paul Kollmann, provides detailed information about the land and peoples living along the shores of the lake. A concluding section is devoted to the grammar, pronunciation, and vocabularies of the Karagwe (Nkole), Ussindja, Uha, Ki-Uganda, and Ki-Ukerewe languages and dialects. Today, Lake Victoria lies partly in Tanzania, in Uganda, and in Kenya.

https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/

Lake Victoria, also called Victoria Nyanza, largest lake in Africa and chief reservoir of the Nile, lying mainly in Tanzania and Uganda but bordering on Kenya. Its area is 26,828 square miles (69,484 square km).  Lake Victoria has more than 200 species of fish, of which the Tilapia is the most economically important.

Lake Victoria and its wetlands has a large population of Nile crocodiles, as well as African helmeted turtles, variable mud turtles, and Williams’ mud turtle. The Williams’ mud turtle is restricted to Lake Victoria and other lakes, rivers, and swamps in the upper Nile basin.

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Victoria-meer is ook bekend as Victoria Nyanza, is die grootste meer in Afrika en die tweede grootste varswater ter wêreld, wat slegs deur Lake Superior in Noord -Amerika oortref word. Die meer word deur die ewenaar gekruis en is die hoofbron van die Nylrivier.   

Die eerste Europeër wat die meer bereik het, was die Britse ontdekkingsreisiger John Hanning Speke in 1858, wat dit vernoem het na die Britse koningin Victoria. In 1890, op die hoogtepunt van die Europese stryd om kolonies in Afrika, het Brittanje en Duitsland die Victoriameer op 1 ° suidbreedte verdeel, met die suidelike deel aan Duitsland, die noordelike deel aan Brittanje.

Die Duitsers het uitgebreide wetenskaplike opnames van die suidelike oewer van die meer vir navorsings- en strategiese doeleindes gedoen. Hierdie boek, ‘n Engelse vertaling van ‘n studie deur ‘n voormalige offisier van die keiserlike troepe vir Duits -Oos -Afrika, Paul Kollmann, gee spesifieke inligting oor die land en mense wat langs die oewer van die meer woon.

‘n Slotgedeelte word aan die grammatika, uitspraak en woordeskat van die tale en dialekte van etniese volke gewy, naamlik die Karagwe (Nkole), Ussindja, Uha, Ki-Uganda en Ki-Ukerewe. Vandag lê die Victoriameer gedeeltelik in Tanzanië, in Uganda en in Kenia.

Lake Victoria  – Africa

VIDEOS

Wonders van Afrika

Cichlids of Lake Tanganyika National Geographic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5TOyMZAGK08


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Underwater footage of cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika and more!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekSZXCzmmfc


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This is the premier of the CARES Area of Concern series. This program deals with the haplochromine cichlids of the Lake Victoria region.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtP106jiE90

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CICHLID FISHES

Cichlid fishes are famous for large, diverse and replicated adaptive radiations in the Great Lakes of East Africa. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying cichlid phenotypic diversity, we sequenced the genomes and transcriptomes of five lineages of African cichlids: the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), an ancestral lineage with low diversity; and four members of the East African lineage: Neolamprologus brichardi/pulcher (older radiation, Lake Tanganyika), Metriaclima zebra (recent radiation, Lake Malawi), Pundamilia nyererei (very recent radiation, Lake Victoria), and Astatotilapia burtoni (riverine species around Lake Tanganyika).

Gene duplications was found in the East African lineage compared to tilapia and other teleosts, an abundance of non-coding element divergence, accelerated coding sequence evolution, expression divergence associated with transposable element insertions, and regulation by novel microRNAs.

Cichlid fish adaptive radiation is characterized by rapid speciation without geographical isolation. In Lake Victoria, several hundred endemic species emerged within the past 15,000–100,000 years.

Of 22 candidate genes previously identified in teleost morphogenesis, vision and pigmentation, three are predicted to have undergone accelerated evolution in the common ancestors of the East African radiations.

READ MORE – LEES MEER:

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13726


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BRITSE KOLONIALISME IN SUID-AFRIKA

Dis duidelik dat groot moondhede hul rol gespeel het om kolonies te skep nadat grondgebiede geannekseer is.  Nie net in Suid-Afrika nie.  Voor 1900 was daar letterlik duisende tuislande in Afrika waar swartes self gevorm het en apart van mekaar gebly het.  Vandag is dit wel bekend as trustgebiede of reservate, maar oral word dit steeds onder sekere Britse wetgewings hanteer.   Die Britse ryk was ingenome met hul administrasie, wetgewing en veral vlae in sekere tydperke.

British Empire and their colonial rules/flags

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APARTE GEBIEDE HET LANKAL OOK ONDER SWART VOLKE IN AFRIKA ONTSTAAN – dis nie Dr Verwoerd wat daarmee begin het nie, hy het reservate geërf in 1960.

Separate areas were already in place in the whole of Africa and also some areas in southern Africa – called by the British empire and chiefmen, either Crownland or Reserves.

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Die ZAR en Vrystaat se onafhanklikheid, die beleid van wyle Dr Verwoerd bewys dat die beleid van Afrika, soos aparte gebiede, nagevolg is.   

Met Kodesa onderhandelings voor 1994 was die Ingonyama trust een van die voorwaardes alvorens die Zoeloes wou ‘onderhandel’.   Die ou Zoeloe reservaat, later tuisland, is netso aan die Zoeloes in 1994 oorhandig met eie aparte gebied en wetgewing.  Dit vorm deel van KwaZulu-Natal.


FOR ZULU PEOPLE ONLY

Ingonyama Trustland (Zulu people)

Khoi san en Richtersveld is net hulle sin – hulle het baie gebiede ge-eis (voorheen kroongebiede) wat aan hulle behoort.

Richtersveld 1847

Richtersveld – KHOISAN AND CPA

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Kommerwekkend is dit die Boere van die ou ZAR en Vrystaat, die Afrikaners en ook Indiërs se menseregte vernietig hiermee.   Swart en Khoi san bly steeds in aparte gebiede (noem dit Grondeise – CPA of Trustgebiede).   

Hoekom mag net swart en khoi san, trust en cpa gebiede verkry?   Dit het egter onder Trust en CPA wetgewing slegs kommunale regte, en geen of baie min titelaktes.

Selfbeskikking

Aparte gebiede is nie “apartheid” nie.   Volke wil hulself regeer en beheer.  Dis in lyn met internasionale reg, elke volk het die reg tot eie land, regering op alle vlakke met eie leiers. 

Die tientale lande onder EU is almal aparte lande, volke wat hulself regeer.   Brittanje het onlangs vanaf EU bedank.

Freedom Self-determination – Selfbeskikking

People’s international right to self-determination


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Ou kaarte wys die reservate en gebiede in die hele Afrika, sowel Kanada en Australië, voordat kolonialisme afgedwing is deur die groot moondhede – Brittanje en haar koloniale anneksasies.   

Dis duister hoekom ons blankes in Suid-Afrika moet pa staan vir koloniale wetgewings, anneksasies en algehele ongelukkighede van volke.   Moontlik opsteek van rassisme en diskriminasie teenoor ons volkslede.

Afrika Tuislande – so-called apartheid – Homelands

Inhoudsopgawe B-BBEE Index