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In hierdie tydperke ter sprake 1854 en 1994, was daar nog geen land Suid-Afrika ter sprake nie nie. Die Unie van Suid-Afrika het eers na 1910 ontstaan, nadat alle grondgebiede geannekseer is, wat alle minerale rykdom insluit. Afrikaners en Afrikanerbond is in beheer geplaas van die Unie en 1948 regerings. Duncan du Bois skryf indiepte daaroor.
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Die Britse ryk het nie alleen hier in suidelike Afrika geveg tydens die Anglo-BOERE oorloë nie en het heelwat lande en regerings gehad wat haar ondersteun het. Duisende soldate en selfs mynmagnate het toegesak op die Boere republieke wat wettige grondgebiede van die Boere volk was. Hulle het later, na 1910 almal deel gevorm van die Britse statebond wat Jan Smuts (Afrikaner) help skryf het. Heelwat van die swart stamme het na 1815 uit die noorde na die gebiede ge-emigreer en was nie altyd hier nie. Sedert 1902 het nog Afrika arbeiders hierheen gekom om in die myne te kom werk.
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Wie het die afbakening van reservate en kroongebiede gedoen, reeds sover terug as 1806.
Verwys na wetgewings asook Grondwet wat Jan Smuts help opstel het
Die Britse Ryk het verseker slaags geraak in gevegte met al die stamme wat hier grond beset het. Hulle het liggings en inheemse reservate afgebaken, terwyl die verskeie stamme reeds sommige van daardie gebiede beset het. Shepstone was 100% saam in die anneksasie van die Boere republieke, asook reservate en kroongebiede.
Kommunale regte Kroongebiede en Reservate was reeds in plek en afsonderlike stelsels.
Duidelik het die unie regering hulself magte verleen oor elkeen in die land, ook die wat in reservate en kroongebiede gebly het.
Magtiging uit London.
Die Shepstone se liggingsbeleid het dwarsdeur die Natalse koloniale tydperk gegeld. Dit is na 1910 in die Unie-bedeling opgeneem en het die basis gevorm van die Wet op die Administrasie van Naturelle ( Union Native Administration Act van 1927) (Wet 38 van 1927 ) . Later is die name verander – Wet op Bantoe-administrasie en Wet op Swart Administrasie. (It was later renamed the Bantu Administration Act and then the Black Administration Act.) .
Dit was een van die mees omvattende en omstrede nasionale wetgewings wat gedurende die Unie van Suid-Afrika, 1910, ingestel is om die daaglikse lewe, regstelsels en grondbesit van die swart bevolking te reguleer. Hierdie gebiede is dus afsonderlik geadministreer en het beskerming onder die grondwet van 1910 gehad.
Hierdie wetgewing het die Goewerneur-generaal van die Unie as die “Opperhoof” van alle swart en ander mense in Suid-Afrika aangestel. Die uitvoerende gesag kon spesiale wetgewing en regulasies vir swart gebiede uitvaardig sonder om die parlement te raadpleeg. Dit het aparte politieke en administratiewe stelsels geskep wat die basis vir latere apartheidstrukture gevorm het. Basies het dit voortgebou op wat daar reeds was voor anneksasies van 1900 (Shepstone). Dit was TWEE afsonderlike stelsels in plek.
Dit het verder amptelike erkenning verleen aan inheemse reg en gewoontes (Native law and custom) in siviele sake tussen swart en ander persone. Netwerke van howe is vir Naturelle kommissarisse gestig om sake te verhoor. Tradisionele leiers en kapteins het beperkte magte gekry om siviele dispute en minder ernstige misdrywe volgens inheemse tradisies te besleg. Die wet het die registrasie van eiendomsregte en grondbesit in swart gebiede streng beheer. Artikel 5 van die wet het die regering die mag gegee om verskillende stamme of individue sonder seremonie of vooraf kennisgewing gedwing van een gebied na ‘n ander te verskuif.
https://www.saha.org.za/landact1913/native_administration_act1927.htm
https://lawlibrary.org.za/akn/za/act/1927/38/eng@2007-09-30
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Agtergrond
Die instelling van reservate of liggings het gekom in die nasleep van die ontwrigte toestand van stam-organisasie na die Shaka-Dingaan-era, wat stam-nedersettings verpletter en verstrooi het. Alhoewel die bedoeling was om tien liggings af te baken, is slegs sewe aanvanklik in die Staatskoerant gepubliseer: Zwartkops [naby Pietermaritzburg], Umlazi, Umvoti, Inanda, Umzinyati, Tugela en Kahlamba.
Die gevoel onder Britse amptenare toe hulle na 1843 beheer oor Natal begin neem het, was dat Afrikane (swartes) nie moes kon ronddwaal en hulle enige plek vestig waar hulle wou nie. Henry Cloete het die stigting van reservate of liggings voorgestel. Luitenant-goewerneur Martin West het met die idee saamgestem en in 1846 ‘n kommissie aangestel om die lokasiebeleid prakties te maak.
(https://repository.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/gradschool_disstheses/article/6808/&path_info=9508582.pdf
Theophilus Shepstone, wat die dominante stem in die Kommissie was en tot 1875 as Sekretaris vir Naturelle Sake gedien het, het voorgestel dat die lokasies aktiewe onderrig agentskappe in wat ‘nuttige kunste’, meganika en landbou genoem is, kon wees. Maar die algehele gebrek aan hulpbronne en finansies het daartoe gelei dat daardie voorstelle geskrap is. In plaas daarvan het Shepstone die stamstelsel binne elke lokasie bevorder. Op dié manier het Afrika-gebruike en -kultuur oorleef en outonomie geniet. Maar terselfdertyd was hulle onderworpe aan ‘n dualiteit van unie regering: koloniale wette en belastings.
The British empire demarcated locations and native reserves, while the various tribes already occupied some of those areas. The Shepstone’s location policy prevailed throughout the Natal Colonial period. It was incorporated into the Union dispensation after 1910 and formed the basis of the Union Native Administration Act of 1927.
The imposition of reserves or locations came in the wake of the disrupted state of tribal organisation following the Shaka-Dingaan-era, which had shattered and scattered tribal settlements. Although the intention was to demarcate ten locations, only seven were initially gazetted: Zwartkops [near Pietermaritzburg], Umlazi, Umvoti, Inanda, Umzinyati, Tugela and Kahlamba.
The feeling amongst British officials when they commenced control of Natal after 1843 was that Africans (blacks) should not be able to wander around and settle anywhere they chose. Henry Cloete suggested the establishment of reserves or locations. Lieutenant Governor Martin West agreed with the idea and, in 1846, appointed a commission to make the location policy practicable.
Theophilus Shepstone, who was the dominant voice in the Commission and served as Secretary for Native Affairs until 1875, proposed that the locations could be active agencies of instruction in what were called ‘useful arts,’ mechanics, and agriculture. But the utter lack of resources and finance saw those proposals scrapped. Instead, Shepstone promoted the tribal system within each location. In that way, African customs and culture survived and enjoyed autonomy. But at the same time, they were subject to a duality of government: colonial laws and taxation.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theophilus-Shepstone
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Shepstone’s location policy prevailed throughout the Natal Colonial period. It was incorporated into the Union dispensation after 1910 and formed the basis of the Union Native Administration Act of 1927.
The practice of territorial exclusion by white settlers in the Cape began during the first decade of settlement after 1652. The indigenous Khoi-San were progressively forced further into the hinterland as a consequence of white settler encroachment.
As regards slavery, which was practiced in the Cape until it was abolished in 1834, it did not apply to the indigenous population. Slaves were imported from territories around the Indian Ocean area.
- 1809: the Caledon Code, introduced by the British, required all KhoiKhoi to carry passes. However, that legislation was repealed in 1828.
- 1857: Kaffir Employment Act: prohibited Africans entering the Cape Colony except to work.
- 1875-1902: Residential segregation of whites, Africans, coloureds and Muslims was a growing feature of Cape Town.
- 1902: Native Reserve Location Act passed by the Cape Parliament.
- 1885: The Transvaal Government applied discriminatory legislation against Indians.
- 1891: The OFS Government outlawed Indians from living and trading within its boundaries.
- 1890-1910: 46 laws/regulations discriminating against non-whites were passed by the Natal Parliament. Indians in particular were subjected to several punitive laws. Act 17 of 1896 imposed an annual residential tax of £3 on those who failed to return to India after completing their indenture contracts.
- Some key racially discriminatory legislation enacted between 1910 and 1948:
- 1911: Mines & Works Act: aimed at safeguarding jobs for whites in mining and the railways.
- 1913: Land Act: embodied the recommendations of the SA Native Affairs Commission of 1903-1905; increased the allocation of land for Africans from 7% to 13% of the land surface; prohibited Africans from buying or renting land in areas designated for whites.
- 1923: Native Urban Areas Act: empowered local authorities to establish separate residential areas for Africans and to regulate their presence in urban areas by tightening pass laws.
- 1926: Industrial Conciliation Act: secured employment for whites while excluding black workers from the wage-bargaining process.
- 1926: Mines and Works Amendment Act: Known as the ‘Colour Bar’ Act, it solidified the reservation of jobs for whites effectively excluding blacks, coloureds and Indians from skilled work.
- 1936: Representation of Natives Act: removed Africans from the voters’ roll in the Cape.
- 1936: Native Trust and Land Act: Granted a further 6 million hectares for black occupation.
- 1937: Native Laws Amendment Act: Reinforced urban segregation and influx control.
- 1946: Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act: Known as the ‘Pegging Act,’ it confined Asian ownership of land to certain defined areas. Permits were required if property rights were sought in land not previously occupied by Indians.
https://www.duncandubois.co.za/shepstone-and-milner-provided-the-basis-of-what-became-apartheid/
Acting as agents for Cape merchants, the objective of the three was to establish a trading station at Port Natal dealing in ivory, hippopotamus tusks and hides. Their motives were purely economic. A diplomatic accord with Shaka resulted in permission to occupy the environs of the bay area at the Zulu King’s pleasure.
Of the three main settlers, the lives of the two ex-officers of the Royal Navy, Francis Farewell and James Saunders King, were short-lived. King died of natural causes in 1828 and was buried on the Bluff. Farewell was murdered in 1829 while returning overland from Port Elizabeth.
Henry Francis Fynn, the son of a reputable Cape Town resident, survived to be appointed magistrate on the South Coast between 1853 and 1860. However, referring to the latter years of his life, historian Dan Wylie has described Fynn as a “frontier ruffian” who was dogged by accusations of cattle-rustling, gun-running and whose records were dubious in terms of factual integrity. He died in 1861.
https://www.duncandubois.co.za/reflections-on-the-first-white-settlement-in-kzn/
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The feeling amongst British officials when they commenced control of Natal after 1843 was that Africans should not be able to wander around and settle anywhere they chose. Henry Cloete suggested the establishment of reserves or locations.
https://www.duncandubois.co.za/tag/apartheid-policies/
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Brittanje het die Pasboek wetgewings ingestel, reeds in 1797
Heelwat ander wetgewings en regulasies het gevolg onder Britse kolonialisme.
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