1933-1934 – Nag van Lang messe – Stormtroepe – Sturm abteilung (SA)

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Nag van lang messe – 1933 – Duitsland – hier is ‘n paar artikels daaroor… ‘n Ander tipe oorlogvoering was destyds uitgevoer deur regeringsleiers. Wat ‘suiwering’ genoem is.
Stormtroepe – Sturm abteilung (SA). Tussen 30 Junie en 2 Julie 1934 het die leierskap van die Nazi-party die leierskap van die Nazi-paramilitêre formasie, die Sturmabteilung (Stormtroopers; SA), gesuiwer. Nazi-partyleier en rykskanselier Adolf Hitler het die suiwering beveel. Die Nazi-leiers het die suiwering benut om ander politieke vyande dood te maak.

30 Oktober 1939 in New York

Daar is hoofsaaklik op diegene aan die Duitse nasionalistiese regs geteiken. Die suiwering staan bekend as die “Nag van die Lang Messe” of “Operasie Hummingbird.”

Hierdie moorde het ‘n ooreenkoms tussen die Nazi-regime en die Duitse leër (Reichswehr) bevestig. Dit het Hitler in staat gestel om homself as Führer van Nasionaal-Sosialistiese Duitsland uit te roep en om aanspraak te maak op absolute mag.

Die Nag van Lang Messe, ook bekend as die Röhm Putsch, was die suiwering van die SA leierskap en ander politieke opponente vanaf 30 Junie 1934 tot 2 Julie 1934. Dit is hoofsaaklik deur die SS en die Gestapo uitgevoer, meer as 150 mense is vermoor en honderde meer is gearresteer. In Augustus 1932 was daar ongeveer 445 000 lede van die SA. Teen Junie 1934 het dit gegroei tot meer as 3 000 000 lede. Hulle is dikwels vrye teuels oor hul aktiwiteite gegee en was gewelddadig en moeilik om te beheer.

Daar het ‘n groot vrees by Hitler ontstaan dat die SA en Ernst Röhm, hul leier, ‘n potensiële bedreiging vir sy leierskap was. Hierdie vrees is verskerp deur Göring en Himmler, wat Hitler nuus gegee het van Röhm wat ‘n potensiële staatsgreep organiseer het. Hierbenewens was daar ‘n wedersydse afkeer tussen die tradisionele konserwatiewe elite – wat gedurende die eerste jare van die Derde Ryk baie sleutelposisies in die regering en die weermag beklee het – en die SA (Duitsland). Gedurende die jare van die opkoms van die Nazi Party was die SA instrumenteel om die party te help om steun te kry.

Hierdie nuwe mag is ywerig deur die Sturmabteilung (SA) (“stormtrooper”s) uitgeoefen teen Kommuniste en ander politieke vyande van die Nazi-party, en baie is nie toegelaat om hul setels in die Ryksdag na die 1933-wetgewende verkiesings terug te neem nie.

Die nag van die lang messe was ‘n suiwering van die Sturmabteilung-leierskap na vrese deur leiers van die Duitse leër dat hul invloed en mag verlore sou gaan namate die Sturmabteilung hul eie mag uitbrei. Die mees noemenswaardige onder die dooies was Ernst Röhm, leier van die Sturmabteilung en ‘n persoonlike gunsteling van Hitler. Die kanselier moes die ondersteuning van die gewone leër handhaaf en daarom was hy verplig om hierdie maatreël te tref. Die Nag is gewettig sewe-en-twintig dae nadat dit plaasgevind het deur die “Wet betreffende maatreëls vir staatsselfverdediging” (Gesetz über Maßnahmen der Staatsnotwehr). Dit het bestaan uit ‘n enkele artikel wat gelees het –

Nadat die Sturmabteilung ‘n groot aantal anti-Nazi-wetgewers gevange geneem, geïntimideer of doodgemaak het, is ‘n tweederdemeerderheid behaal vir die aanneming van die Bemagtigingswet (Ermächtigungsgesetz). Hierdie wet het die uitvoerende gesag toegelaat om die Weimar Grondwet te ignoreer en te verander en om wetgewing in die “Reich Law Gazette” te publiseer sonder verwysing na die Reichstag (alhoewel die Nazi’s voortdurend probeer het om hul regime so wettig moontlik te laat lyk deur die wetgewende tak te gebruik wanneer hulle kon). Nadat die wet aangeneem is, is ander politieke partye verbied en ‘n wet is op 14 Julie 1933 aangeneem wat die stigting van enige nuwe partye verbied het. Tussen toe en die Nag van die Lang Messe is dekrete gepubliseer wat mag in die uitvoerende gesag en op federale vlak gesentraliseer het ten koste van die mag van die gebiede.

In nog ‘n artikel wat geplaas is, kan gesien word wat gebeur het. Om dit ‘suiwer’ te noem, is nie ‘n nuwe konsep nie, dit vind inderdaad al etlike eeue plaas. Daar was al baie diktators en daar het baie onder hulle gebeur. Nag van die Lang messe word nie noodwendig deur ander volke veroorsaak nie. Dit is wat heelwat Afrika leiers ookal uitgevoer het.

Tussen 30 Junie en 2 Julie 1934 het die leierskap van die Nazi-party die leierskap van die Nazi-paramilitêre formasie, die Sturmabteilung (Stormtroopers; SA), gesuiwer. Nazi-partyleier en rykskanselier Adolf Hitler het die suiwering beveel. Die Nazi-leiers het die suiwering benut om ander politieke vyande dood te maak. Hulle het hoofsaaklik diegene aan die Duitse nasionalistiese regs geteiken.

Die suiwering staan bekend as die “Nag van die Lang Messe” of “Operasie Hummingbird.”

Op 28 Junie het Hitler Röhm beveel om die top SA leiers by ‘n Beierse spa in Bad Wiessee te vergader. SS-eenhede, onder bevel van Dachau-konsentrasiekamp-kommandant Theodor Eicke, het die SA leiers op die oggend van 30 Junie verras. Hulle is na München se Stadelheim-gevangenis vervoer. Daar het SS-manne meeste van die SA leiers geskiet. Hitler het besluiteloos gebly oor Röhm se lot tot 1 Julie. Op daardie dag – op Hitler se bevel – het Eicke Röhm in sy sel geskiet. Alle bewyse dui daarop dat Röhm tot op die einde lojaal aan Hitler was, ten spyte van die Nazi-aansprake anders.

Onder diegene wat die SS tussen 30 Junie en 2 Julie vermoor het, was:

Ernst Röhm, SA stafhoof
Reichswehr-generaal Kurt von Schleicher, Hitler se voorganger as Rykskanselier, sowel as generaal von Schleicher se vrou
Generaal-majoor Ferdinand von Bredow, Schleicher se vriend en medewerker
Gustav von Kahr, die Beierse staatshoof wat in 1923 geweier het om Hitler se biersaal Putsch te ondersteun
Gregor Strasser, ‘n voormalige Nazi-leier wat in die winter van 1932 probeer het om ‘n verkiesingsooreenkoms met destydse kanselier von Schleicher te bereik wat Hitler sou verhinder het om aan bewind te kom.

Adolf Hitler walks and converses in a group with other Nazis

Nag van die Lang messe in Duitsland – 1933-1934

GERMANY – Operation Hummingbird – Night of the Long Knives

Storm troopers – Sturm abteilung (SA)

The Night of Long Knives, also known as the Röhm Putsch, was the purge of the SA leadership and other political opponents from 30 June 1934 to 2 July 1934. Carried out primarily by the SS and the Gestapo, over 150 people were murdered and hundreds more were arrested. In August 1932 there were approximately 445,000 members of the SA. By June 1934 this had grown to over 3,000,000 members. They were often given a free rein on their activities and were violent and difficult to control.

Night of the Long Knives | Date, Victims, Summary, & Facts | Britannica

Hitler feared that the Sturmabteilung (SA) and Ernst Röhm, their leader, were a potential threat to his leadership. This fear was intensified by Göring and Himmler, who gave Hitler news of Röhm organising a potential coup . In addition to this, there was a mutual dislike between the traditional conservative elite – who maintained many key positions in the government and the army during the first years of the Third Reich – and the SA. During the years of the rise of the Nazi Party, the SA had been instrumental in helping the party to gain support.

This new power was zealously exercised by the Sturmabteilung (SA) (“stormtrooper”s) against Communists and other political enemies of the Nazi Party, and many were not allowed to retake their seats in the Reichstag after the 1933 legislative elections.

The Night of the Long Knives was a purging of the Sturmabteilung leadership following fears by leaders of the German Army that their influence and power would be lost as the Sturmabteilung expanded their own power. Most notable among the dead was Ernst Röhm, leader of the Sturmabteilung and a personal favorite of Hitler. The Chancellor needed to maintain the support of the regular Army and so he was compelled to take this measure.

The Night was legalised twenty seven days after it occured by the “Law Regarding Measures of State Self-Defence” (Gesetz über Maßnahmen der Staatsnotwehr). It consisted of a single article which read –

After the Sturmabteilung had imprisoned, intimidated or killed a great number of anti-Nazi legislators, a two-thirds majority was achieved for the passing of the Enabling Act (Ermächtigungsgesetz). This Act allowed the executive to ignore and change the Weimar Constitution and to publish legislation in the “Reich Law Gazette” without reference to the Reichstag (although the Nazis continually tried to make their regime look as legal as possible by using the legislative branch when they could). After the law was passed, other political parties were outlawed and a law was passed on July 14, 1933 which outlawed the formation of any new parties. Between then and the Night of the Long Knives, decrees were published which centralised power in the executive and at the federal level at the expense of the power of the localities.

However, following Hitler being elected chancellor, the SA, and particularly Röhm, were keen to continue the ‘revolution’ and replace the traditional conservative elite with Nazis. Hitler and the rest of the Nazi leadership disagreed with their approach. They understood the need to appear moderate and take over slowly by democratic means where possible, maintaining the stability and illusion of a democracy.

Between June 30 and July 2, 1934, Nazi Party leadership purged the leadership of the Nazi paramilitary formation, the Sturmabteilung (Storm Troopers; SA). Nazi Party Leader and Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler had ordered the purge. The Nazi leaders took advantage of the purge to kill other political enemies. Primarily, they targeted those on the German nationalist right. The purge is known as the “Night of the Long Knives” or “Operation Hummingbird.” These murders cemented an agreement between the Nazi Regime and the German army (Reichswehr). This enabled Hitler to proclaim himself Führer of National Socialist Germany and to claim absolute power.

Among those the SS killed between June 30 and July 2 were:

Ernst Röhm, SA Chief of Staff
Reichswehr General Kurt von Schleicher, Hitler’s predecessor as Reich Chancellor, as well as General von Schleicher’s wife
Major General Ferdinand von Bredow, Schleicher’s friend and collaborator
Gustav von Kahr, the Bavarian chief of state who had refused in 1923 to support Hitler’s Beer Hall Putsch
Gregor Strasser, a former Nazi leader who had sought in the winter of 1932 to reach an electoral agreement with then Chancellor von Schleicher that would have barred Hitler from rising to power

“STORM TROOP COUP BROKEN BY HITLER; SCHLEICHER IS DEAD” and more including a photo of: “Hitler Victim – Kurt Von Schleicher.”

Hitler consolidates his power: 'Night of the Long Knives'... - RareNewspapers.com